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Publications

Industry Reports + White Papers

Report on Best Practices in Subsea Telecommunications Sustainability

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A report that chronicles the best practices for sustainability in the Subsea Cable industry, and provides additional recommendations for a sustainable future for the industry.

By Nicole Starosielski (Lead Author), Iago Bojczuk, Anne Pasek, George N. Ramírez, Nicholas R. Silcox, Anjali Sugadev, and Hunter Vaughan

Jan 2024

Peer Reviewed Academic Articles

ICT Environmentalism and the Sustainability Game

By Hunter Vaughan, Anne Pasek, Nicholas R. Silcox, Nicole Starosielski

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This article describes how the term sustainability has been deployed by tech companies, and how these efforts have also been contested – and strategically mobilized – by activist environmental non-profits and critical scholars seeking to reform tech sector practices.

Nov 2023

Flying the Skies to Wire the Seas: Subsea Cables, Remote Work, and the Social Fabric of a Media Industry

By Iago Bojczuk, Nicole Starosielski, and Anne Pasek

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This study investigates air travel in industry operations, the industry’s response to COVID-19 and remote work, and its implications for mobility and sustainability.

Sept 2023

Disaggregated Footprints: Infrastructural Literary Approach to the Sustainable Internet

By Nicole Starosielski, Hunter Vaughan, Anne Pasek, and Nicholas R. Silcox

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In this article, our team argues for an approach to addressing the sustainability of the internet that emphasizes local conditions, including local infrastructure needs, local climate, local environmental contexts.

Aug 2023

Sustainable Subsea Networks: Connecting Ports, Ships, and Cables

By George N. Ramírez

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This short article demonstrates one of the key inflection points in creating a sustainable internet: attention to the ports and marine vessels that are imbricated in the subsea network.

Jun. 2023

The World Wide Web of Carbon: Towards a Relational Footprinting of ICT's Climate Impacts

By Anne Pasek, Hunter Vaughan, and Nicole Starosielski

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This article assesses debates around footprinting the ICT sector, arguing that, due to data frictions and incommensurate study designs, the question is likely to remain irresolvable at the global scale. In response, we propose an alternative approach that reframes the question in spatial and situated terms.

Jun 2023

Climate Change Impacts on Subsea Cables and Ramifications for National Security—A Legal Perspective

By Anjali Sugadev and Nicole Starosielski

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In this legal study, we explore the lack of existing policy for ensuring cable protection against environmental threats, particularly those facilitated by climate change.

Apr. 2023

Magazine and Press Articles 

Sustainable Subsea Networks Attends Submarine Networks World 2024

By Ella Herbert and Michael Brand

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Ella Herbert and Michael Brand discuss their experience at the Submarine Networks World Conference in Singapore, not only as students but as speakers at the conference as well. They tackle the most relevant sustainability issues covered among industry professionals at the conference in panels and presentations, including carbon emissions, speculation and debate over the impact of AI and Power, and the clamor for industry and policy alignment.

Nov 2024

Why Sustainability Matters to Us

By Nicole Starosielski

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In this article, we interviewed our team members, including researchers and industry participants, and had them explain why our work is important to them.

Sept 2024

Generation Connect: An Interview with Alwyn Du Plessis on Cable Recovery and Recycling

By Isabelle Cherry

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In this column, we are launching a new series in which we have a undergraduate or young member of our research team interview members of the industry. In this case, Isabelle Cherry -- an undergraduate researcher -- interviews Alwyn De Plessis of Mertech Marine about recovery and recycling.

Jul 2024

Sustainability Best Practices for Subsea Cables

By Isabelle Cherry and Isabel Jijon

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In this editorial in Sea Technology Magazine, two of our researchers summarize and advertise our findings from the Best Practices Report, highlighting emergent ocean technologies for the magazine's audience.

Jul 2024

“ستدامة لأنظمة الكابلات البحرية: بناء مستقبل أخضر (Sustainable Subsea Networks: Building a Greener Future for Global Connectivity"

By Hesham Youssef, Habiba Salem, Mariam Reda, Isabel Jijon, Iago Bojczuk, and Nicole Starosielski

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In this editorial in TelecomArabiaReview.com, our global research team amplifies our work so far and calls for more participation among the cable industry in the MENA region.

Jun 2024

What's in an Efficiency Metric?: The Case of PUE at the CLS

By Iago Bojczuk, Ella Herbert, Michael Brand, Hesham Youssef, and Nicole Starosielski

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We explore the most common metric used for sustainability in data centers and cable landing stations -- power usage effectiveness (PUE) -- and details its usefulness and limitations for measuring sustainability for the subsea industry.

May 2024

The Role of Regulation in Recovering Decommissioned Subsea Cable

By Anjali Sugadev, Isabelle Cherry, Michael Brand, and Michelle Else George

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In this special feature, our team explores the role of environmental regulation in encouraging or preventing subsea cable recovery and recycling, a key strategy for the sustainability of the industry overall.

Mar 2024

PTC 2024: A Review from Gen Z

By Michael Brand, Isabelle Cherry, Ella Herbert, and Isabel Jijon

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Our undergraduate researchers describe their experience at PTC '24, what they learned about sustainability, and offer insight into the younger generation's passion for a sustainable future.

Mar 2024

Sustainable Subsea Networks in the MENA Region

By Iago Bojczuk and Nicole Starosielski

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For this month's column, we report on our experience at COP28 and the Egypt SubOptic Symposium and describe the sustainability efforts and subsea industry in the MENA region.

Jan 2024

What Does Greenhouse Gas Regulation Mean for Marine Operations?

By George N. Ramírez and Nicole Starosielski

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In this column, we evaluate the IMO and European Commission's new marine regulations and provide guidance for marine operators on how to consider this regulation and future sustainable development.

Nov 2023

Carbon Offsets Versus Removals: Tips for Avoiding Scandal and Building Credible Sustainability Practices

By Anne Pasek, Nicholas R. Silcox, and George Ramirez

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In this iteration of our column, we explore the world of carbon offsets and offer guidance for subsea companies interested in using offsets or carbon removals to reduce their net emissions.

Jul 2023

The SubOptic Foundation Congress on Sustainability

By Iago Bojczuk

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The SubOptic Foundation Congress on Sustainability made subsea history as the first intentional gathering of members from across sectors and around the world to discuss metrics for sustainability in the subsea cable industry. This article discusses the conversations that took place in Bangkok, Thailand.

May 2023

Sustainability at PTC ’23: Three Takeaways

By George N. Ramírez and Nicole Starosielski

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Sustainability was a hot topic at this year’s Pacific Telecommunications Conference. This article highlights three takeaways about sustainable practices and development: a focus on cooperation and collaboration, the need for immediate actions that build toward long-term sustainability, and a call for better metrics and data sharing.

Mar 2023

A New Era of Sustainable Network Hubs?: The Subsea Cable – Data Center – Renewable Energy Connection

By Iago Bojczuk, Nick Silcox, Nicole Starosielski and Hunter Vaughan

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This month’s Sustainable Subsea column asks: how have certain locations emerged as cable hubs, and how did these cable connections become intertwined with the data center landscape? Given that companies are increasingly pursuing net-zero goals, how can networks of the future be connected to renewable energy developments?

Jan 2023

Greening of Maritime Ports: Is Regulation the Game Changer?

By Anjali Sugadev, Sorcha Ffrench, and George Ramirez

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The subsea cable industry depends on a fuel-intensive marine fleet to install, maintain, and repair cables around the globe. Yet this fleet is almost entirely absent when it comes to discussions of the environmental impact of digital media technologies. For this article, we interviewed port authorities around the world to better understand their capacity to reduce emissions and pave the way for a more sustainable future.

Nov 2022

More Cables = Less Carbon?: The Internet's Contentious Carbon Footprint and a Subsea Solution

By Nicholas R. Silcox, Anne Pasek, Nicole Starosielski, and Hunter Vaughan

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In this article, we describe why these debates have reached an impasse and how this lack of consensus can be expected to continue. We argue that the subsea cable industry’s smaller carbon footprint, high reliability, and low environmental impacts could be leveraged to create a lower-carbon internet infrastructure as a whole.

Sept 2022

Calculating a Subsea Footprint

By Kristian Nielsen

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This column article discusses how Universal Jointing (UJ) can serve as a model for collaboration and points out five areas where progress can be made: systems design and engineering; survey; system manufacture and installation; operations; and life cycle. We also argue that sharing data across the industry can actually be helpful from a business perspective.

Jul 2022

Flying the Skies to Wire the Seas: Should the Subsea Cable Industry Stop Traveling?

By Nicole Starosielski, Iago Bojczuk, and Anne Pasek

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For our third “Sustainable Subsea” column in SubTel Forum, we discuss the impacts of COVID-19 on travel across the subsea industry to explore the extent in which stakeholders will continue to rely on the new modalities of remote work.

May 2022

Energy + Telecommunications: Bringing Together Two Worlds at the CLS

By Nicole Starosielski and George Ramirez

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In “Energy + Communications: Bringing together Two Worlds at the Cable Landing Station,” we discuss the ways cable landing stations can develop more sustainable practices.

Mar 2022

A Blue Industry Going Green

By Nicole Starosielski and Nicholas R. Silcox

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Our first article in SubTel Forum's new “Sustainable Subsea” column, “A Blue Industry Going Green” highlights the sustainability initiatives of three subsea cable companies.

Jan 2022

Blue Solutions to Greening the Internet

By Anne Pasek and Hunter Vaughan

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Featured in Minderoo Centre for Technology & Democracy's The Cost of Convenience on September 2021.

Sep 2021

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